The modern physicochemical approaches have often demonstrated that they influence the climate, as they require the use of harmful substances. United states have more than 50% patent application among all the countries across the globe. Globally the patent on nanotechnology research has increased up to 12,552 within a span of 17 years. The major contribution of nanotech would be reflected in abiotic components such as water (> 20%), air (> 2%), and soil (> 15%). More than 1200 nanotech items are available in the market for public use. Considering the potentiality of nanotechnology, the global business has increased up to 3668 million US dollar within a span of 8 years. The research discusses NPs thoroughly for the elimination of numerous chemical pollutants and heavy metals, including Cd2 +, Cu2 +, Co2 +, and Ni2 + and also for the remedial work of chlorinated organic compounds. Literature has demonstrated the potential of Np (Nanoparticle) to detoxify the atmosphere with reference to their application in sewage treatment, oxidation of dyes, etc.
In this context, nanotechnology is an emergent and potential techniques that is considered to act as a magic bullet in latest environmental science arena. This review discusses water pollution, its impacts, conventional treatment strategies, nanotechnological contributions, venture possibilities, and associated commercial opportunities.Įnvironmental cleanup and pollution control are the foremost task and challenges in the 21st century by means of coeffective, eco-friendly, and sustainable technologies. They have unique properties that make attractive alternatives for wastewater remediation, purification, and contamination detection through pollutant-specific nanosensors and detectors.
Nanomaterials include nanosorbents, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, nanofibers, graphene, nanodendrimers, nanomembranes, and nanocatalysts. Current conventional treatment strategies suffer from several drawbacks, which may be mitigated through nanotechnological intercession, promising sustainability. Thus, optimized, durable, and inexpensive wastewater treatment and remediation processes are necessary.
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The rising number of malnutrition cases, stunted growth, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, skin ailments, cholera, respiratory disorders, liver malfunction, eye infections, and mortality have been attributed to exposure to compromised water. Pollution of water bodies is significantly detrimental to health, ecology, economy, and society. The accelerated demography, industrialization, and climate changes contaminate the meager freshwater reserves. Consequently, dye removal improved to about 80 %.Īvailability of clean and safe freshwater has become a looming global concern. The HRT and fresh daily nanoclay were increased to 48 h and 1.5−4 g/L.d, respectively. In the second step, some parameters were changed to obtain the optimum values and improve obtained ≈30 % dye removal efficiency in the first step for all the reactors. Floc stability reduction can also be confirmed by changing Tightly Bound EPS (TB-EPS) (≈330−160 mg/L) to Loosely Bound EPS (LB-EPS) (≈40−170 mg/L) in SB-MBR1 to SB-MBR6, respectively. Change in the morphology via reduced particle sizes and floc stability was another main factor of fouling alleviation following the addition of nanoclay. The TMP rate reduction was due to Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) decreasing from 370 mg/L to 330 mg/L for SB-MBR1 to SB-MBR6. In the first step, the Transmembrane Pressure (TMP) changes was reduced 74 % by 10 g/L cumulative nanoclay Cloisite® 20A concentration (0.22 g/L.d), but no improvement in dye removal was observed. A Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24 h was considered to remove a high initial concentration of 500 mg/L of dye at a sludge retention time of 45 d.
The first step compared SB-MBRs operations containing six different concentrations of Cloisite® 20A as nanoclay. This study characterized the Sequencing Batch Membrane Bioreactors (SB-MBR) system containing nanoclay in the treatment of Acid Red 18 (AR 18) azo dye in two steps.